Management and communication ideas in the late 17 th – early 19 th centuries

The article examines the period from the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 19th century, when on the basis of deep philosophical concepts, a new vision of the development of statehood and human values raised. At this time, a certain re-thinking of the management and communication ideas of Antiquity and the Renaissance took place, which outlined the main promising trends in the statehood evolution, which to one degree or another were embodied in practice in the 19th and 20th centuries. A systematic approach and a comparative analysis of the causes and consequences of those years achievements for the present and the immediate future of the 21st century served as the methodological basis for a comprehensive review of the studies of that period. The scientific novelty of this study is the demonstration of the theoretical heritage complexity of the Enlightenment for the general history of management and communication ideas. The article presents an analysis of the views and concepts of the late 17th – early 18th century thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, who defend the right to freedom of communication and liberalization of relationships in the system: “person – society – state”, associated with their own understanding of the government role. French enlighteners François Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean d'Alembert, Etienne Condillac were much smaller theorists Hegel is presented. These founders of the scientific discourse around the problems of power and state, war and peace, the effectiveness of government and communication in relations with the people laid the enduring foundations of the theoretical argumentation of two opposing views on the cardinal problem of our time – the possibility or impossibility of achieving mutually acceptable foundations of a new world order peacefully, excluding all types of hybrid wars. The general picture of the scientific and technological achievements of this period, influencing the level of understanding of the management and communication functions of the state of that time, is given in comparison with the present.

in principle Thomas Hobbes' postulate, expressed back in the 17 th century, concerning the primacy of the speech reflection of the thinking process through any innovative technical means (Hobbes,рр. 16,17).
The contemporary concepts of communication studies in the administration systems were developed by prominent scientists and thinkers such as Jean Baudrillard, Norbert Wiener, Niklas Luhmann, Claude Shannon, Roman Jakobson, and many other specialists. Several national researchers greatly contributed to the study of this issue, but a small number of works were dedicated directly to the history of the state communication studies before the early 20 th century.
The issue of searching for the efficient mechanisms and means of modernization of the administrative structures of government bodies and their communication support makes one look, in particular, at the experience of the theoretical and practical developments of various epochs historically preceding the fundamental transformations of society. This is the main objective of this publication.
The publication's key goal is to analyze the opinions and ideas of the thinkers of the late 17 th centurythe first decades of the 19 th century associated with the comprehension of the role of communications and administration, their ideas' impact on the opportunity of the progressive development of national states and humankind in general.

Material and methods.
The methodological procedures for studying the ideas of the thinkers of the late 17 th centurythe early 19 th century in the area of administration and communication processes were based on a system approach and a comparative historical analysis of political treaties written before the French Revolution as well as philosophical works produced in the course of the industrial revolution. A comparative historical analysis helps determine the place, role, and meaning of the scientific works of the subject period in the evolution of the theoretical ideas about the nature and essence of administration and communication in the civilization development of humankind. A system analysis of research works in that period must contribute to the fresh historical and philosophical rethinking of the importance of works written in that epoch for using certain theoretical messages in the new concepts of the third decade of the 21 st century. The study is based on the translations of sources in an electronic and hardcopy form and relevant literature, as well as general historical works dedicated to this historical period.

Theory.
A contemporary intensive scientific discourse on the freedom of information and communications with a need to preserve controllability in a situation of permanent crises and various interstate confrontations urges to search for new solutions, including with the help of the theoretical historical similarities and adequate ideas in the critical judgments of the past thinkers. Their interpretations in a purposeful system statement adapted to the contemporary comprehension of terms may prove to be quite interesting for forming new scientific provisions. A characteristic epoch of the critical rethinking of the antique heritage and worldview trends was a period called in the history of Europe the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment inherited from the Renaissance 2 two contrasting views on the goals and purpose of state administration and the role of communication in this process. In the 17 th century, John Locke, a precursor and father of this epoch, argued that the successful development of a national state and reasonable management of society was possible in an enlightened constitutional monarchy governed by a humanitarian paradigm of its mission based on the liberal ideology. The opposite (Machiavellian) concept justified and encouraged any means, in particular, the most cynical, manipulative and deceptive ones, supporting, in an uncompromising, tough, and consistent way, the authoritarian rules, a strict hierarchical order and the negative characteristics of the human nature in cynical rulers.
Although in the 17 th century Thomas Hobbes and John Locke provided comprehensive arguments to advocate the freedom of communications, liberalization of relationships and relations within the human beingsocietystate system, the successors to their ideas, i.e. the representatives of the Enlightenment, relied on the triumph of the mind of the rulers and the elite. The French Enlightenment ideological movement was theoretically much less immersed in the specific government and communication issues. Their successful practical experience in the epistolary and encyclopedic communications is of utmost methodical and applied importance in the history of science. But the key achievement of their works is the impact on the philosophy of Kant and Hegel. The scientific innovation of this historical study consists in the evaluation of the importance of the theoretical ideas stated by the thinkers before the early 19 th century to freshly rethink their relevance to and harmony with the statements of the specific structures of the concept of the future general planetary (noospheric) government within the context of the communicative component of the new world order in the 21 st century.

Results аnd Discussion. 1. Ideas of the precursors of the Enlightenment
Treaties written by the prominent thinkers of the Antiquity 3 and the Renaissance served as a fundamental basis for the successful and fruitful activities of the enthusiasts in the Enlightenment period. In the 14 th century, Francesco Petrarca freed Plato's and Aristotle's antique heritage from scholastic and dogmatic blinkers of the Middle Ages, and historian Leonardo Bruni pointed in the 15 th century to the methods of the republican rule and the issue of the freedom of communication. In the 16 th century, Jean Bodin managed to expand and deepen the comprehension of government providing a basis for the state administration concept until the 19 th century. Niccolo Machiavelli and Hugo Grotius looked at communication between the state and the population, the war and the peace principally from different positions and imposed this discourse in the 15 th -17 th centuries to be continued until now.
Immediately after the Glorious Revolution in England, in 1690, John Locke (1632-1704) published his work "Two Treatises of Government" and several other works. He stated his philosophical views on the state administration principles; introduced for the first time the concept of separation of power; marked the limits of the ruler's (constitutional monarch's) powers, full powers of the legislative and executive authorities, a people's possibility to revolt and topple the government. Locke also provided a comprehensive and liberal scheme of prospective communication between the government and the enlightened elite. In this way, he turned out to be a transitive figure between the two bright and unique epochs: the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, being considered the father of the latter. Opinions about their boundaries vary, but it is clear that the Glorious Revolution and its consequences influenced Locke's works and became a starting point in the historical measurement of these epochs.
According to the liberal constitutional and liberal democratic views proposed by Locke, politics and political communication should be based on the individualsocietystate model. Man and his interests, values, and demands moved to the foreground. And the state occupied just the third (last) position. He believed that the constitutional monarchy was a perfect form of statehood. In his work "Two Treatises of Government", Locke focuses his reader again and again on his main postulate: man is naturally free. In Locke's view, the state represents the voluntary limitation of man's freedom for the sake of his own and society's welfare. It must always develop legislative and executive authorities by taking into account this factor (Locke,р. 106,114,146,147). Pathos of these ideas is underlying the works written by Locke, a father and oracle of social and political concepts of the 18 th century thinkers, who decided to implement and develop the main provisions of this doctrine through their practices.

Practical communication of the Enlightenment representatives. 2.1. Communication practices of enlightened encyclopedists.
Starting from the third decade of the 18 th century, an entire galaxy of prominent thinkers managed to implement their ideas through their publishing and educational activities designed for the most influential monarchs of that period and the progressive elite of European society. Most of the inspirers and bright figures of the French Enlightenment such as François Marie Arouet Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, Etienne Bonnot de Condillac were consistent followers and practitioners of an enlightened monarchy. They engaged in active epistolary communication practices with Europe's influential monarchs, including Catherine II and Frederick the Great. Their successful communication and popularization experience played a prominent role in the political history of many states. This makes us look at their heritage when rethinking the contemporary theories of general government and communication studies. Such studies are also necessary to find the starting points of the prospective scientific areas in the information field. The philosophical and socially important ideas of this epoch, which had an impact on the European and American culture development, play a leading role for contemporary studies as well. Free thinking and rationalism in evaluating the vital phenomena developed in the Enlightenment period are necessary, in particular, in their direct implementation for an intensive social discourse in Ukraine as well, which is suffering from a deep hybrid crisis. Some countries of Central America and Middle East are experiencing a similar critical situation as well. A vital crisis of administrative and communication structures is one of the key components of these encompassing hybrid crises (Kislov, 2019, p. 76).
As scientists of a new type, the representatives of the Enlightenment not just popularized Knowledge, but tried and managed to make it the subject matter of public communication. The peak of these aspirations was the work "Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts" published in France in 35 volumes in 1751-1780 on the initiative of Diderot and d'Alembert. In Germany, the 68-volume "Great Universal Lexicon" by Johann Heinrich Zedler was published in 1731-1754. This was the largest encyclopedic publication of the 18 th century, which can be used even now for some references. In Europe and North America, other encyclopedic publications and dictionaries appeared as well, which varied in terms of importance but were less famous. But the authors of articles in the French Encyclopedia were famous scientists with progressive ideas, carefully and comprehensively preparing materials for each article, using creative approaches and discussion topics. For this reason, the communication discourse of the Encyclopedia played both an educational and revolutionary transformational role in the history of Europe and partly the entire humankind. However, the principal importance of the French representatives of the Enlightenment consisted in their influence on the philosophy of Kant and Hegel. Republican Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of these thinkers although his doctrine was polemical (Dlugach, 2001, pp. 249, 250).

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's republican rule ideas.
Being a prominent representative of the Enlightenment, Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712Rousseau ( -1778 paid great attention to the forms and methods of formation of the governing structures of the state. Yet he left no important ideas about the administration to communication relation and their interaction. However, all of his political journalistic activities aimed at forming public ideals in the mid-18 th century serve an example for applying a new, dynamic, contradicting, and even paradoxical form of political communication. Advocating and opposing the existing forms of state administration at the same time, Rousseau, following dualistic ideas, on the one hand, https://www.hst-journal.com Історія науки і техніки, 2021, том 11, випуск 1 History of science andtechnology, 2021, vol. 11, issue 1 was a supporter of the Social Contract in an idealized small republic between its citizens (or subjects of Law). But, on the other hand, he argued that there is no and can never be a democracy in its pure form since a conflict between a right to freedom, full government by the people, and the private interests of any ruling elite cannot be settled in principle (Rousseau,. For this reason, Rousseau actively opposed any party systems, particularly a one-party rule. He argued that power in a republican state may in no way be held by one association (a party, a single majority, or any similar organizations) as, in this case, the private interests of this situational single association will unavoidably be antagonistic to the interests of the entire people as the only sovereign of power and all the other political forces in society representing various group interests. Rousseau wrote that the private will (of an individual, a party leader, or a single majority) will always seek to get advantageous (Rousseau, 1998, p. 216). This has been the case in contemporary Ukraine. Having democratically given power to one political force with unclear ideals and a formless worldview doctrine, the population, as a result, received a puppet government of the representatives of the single majority in the legislative and executive branches. Having no stable views on the strategic objectives and methods of governing the state system of their own country, those in power started to follow an external corporate ideological doctrine, which is alien to the people. This is the current social and economic situation in Ukraine exacerbated by a military conflict in the East of the country and the costs of a protracted information war (Kislov, 2013, p. 198, 201). In this connection, one is tempted to refer to historical analogies as Rousseau, a thinker of the Enlightenment period, pointed to the unavoidable decline of this system. This can happen in a situation where the war and peace issues are not dealt with based on the "common will", but in the private interests of only one group, i.e. an association, a party (Rousseau, 1998, p. 218).

Political and legal communication issues as viewed by Charles Louis Montesquieu.
Considerable contribution to the development of the political thought, in particular, the political and legal issues of communication was made by French philosopher and political scientist Charles Louis Montesquieu (1689Montesquieu ( -1755. As one of the founders of the theory of a law-governed state, he argued that the branches of powers not just had to be separated, but there must be a guarantee that these branches could be headed by the representatives of different political forces with independent communications systems. And each of the branches of power should have no right to cancel the decisions of the other branches of power, but could just suspend them in case of emergency (a threat to the security of the state, contradictions to the law of the country). In this way, there would be a system where each branch of power could control the other two branches of power. According to Montesquieu, in this case all the branches of power could be mutually controlled. Being interested in preserving a monarchy with the growing financial power of the bourgeoisie, Montesquieu managed to brightly balance, in legal terms, the principal interests of only two classes: aristocracy (nobility) and bourgeoisie, by using the delicate mechanisms of rights, freedoms, and benefits. He believed that this balance was the basis of the stability of the regime in his system of state power. But this would be a very delicate, thin, i.e. fragile system of power. Montesquieu was aware of it so he insisted that the system of balanced benefits and rights should never be cancelled as, otherwise, the levers of power would go to the other classes of the population and this system would collapse. In this case, there would be a threat that it would later lead to despotism or dictatorship of the masses (crowd) and similar phenomena.
Among the principal laws regulating social life, Montesquieu considered one of them (third in the hierarchy): communication between people and aspirations to improve and expand it. For him, the first and dominating law was actually specific communication with God. The need to provide food was the second law. Therefore, the need for food and communication was considered by him in the same logical category (Montesquieu, 1777, рр. 32, 33).
Being a representative of the geographical scientific school, Montesquieu argued that political communications, their intensity, legal legitimacy, and the form of legal regulations depend on the geographical location of the state. He also emphasized that, apart from the principal and determining geographical reasons having an impact on the communicative field of the state, other aspects have a significant influence as well: environment, economic component, mentality, religion, demography, and so on. He argued that the Spirit of Law must be closely related to all the other aspects of communications in society in terms of the purpose of its successful and balance development.
Therefore, Montesquieu proposed a clear idea that an effective and adequate legal mechanism of the state will be efficient for the evolution only when it is carefully corrected with respect to the nature and other components of the nation's life under the objective conditions of the natural and resource factors of the environment. This fundamental principle is ignored by the doctrinal systems of various unions and blocs with respect to the dependent or member countries and nations, which at present unavoidably leads to the need for deploying intensive information and psychological operations aimed at suppressing or breaking the mentality, traditions, and forms of existence of many peoples under the modernization and civilization slogans. The demand for freedom of political communication was one of the most important aspects of Montesquieu's theory (Antolohiia liberalizmu: polityko-pravnychi vchennia ta verkhovenstvo prava, 2008, р. 420, 441-443). For this reason, Montesquieu argued that the law-governed state theory has both historical and practical importance for establishing the balanced regulations of information and communication law to ensure comfortable conditions of existence of the contemporary sovereign countries. This regulation is a basis for the national information and psychological security of peoples when a condition of "independent dependence" is imposed on them.
believed that the "perpetual peace" would rule out a possibility of information wars (Kant, 1980, pр. 195, 196). But, on the contrary, humankind did not follow the path proposed by Kant and made information confrontations a permanent and continuous phenomenon.
In international politics, Kant's ideal consisted in the total neutrality and formation of a global civil society as part of a global federation of independent and free states. He stated all of his "perpetual peace" ideas in his work bearing the same title. These ideas and opinions proposed by Kant have their followers and supporters at present as well, despite the entire theoretical ideality of their structure. Contemporary Neo-Kantians believe that the globalization process can be fairly completed only in the way viewed by Kant. In this context, obviously there were hopes to form a society of knowledge according to the Kantian idealized model as well. However, political reality of our days is in full conflict with the logic of Kant's theories immersing the political struggle into the abysm of the global information war.

Administration and communication ideas of the system proposed by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
In his huge philosophical heritage, Hegel rejected both Kant's social development concepts and Rousseau's natural law ideas of the social contract. He fully rejected Kant's idea of the "perpetual peace" in its global definition. Hegel believed that only a war can help overcome a confrontation between the "conflicts of sovereignties" of various states and avoid the "stagnation and decline" of strong nations. For him, wars represented one of the aspects of a permanent and continuous struggle in all the fields of international relations. But just as Kant, he ruled out certain peoples from the participation in any state or creation activities. Hegel extended this approach to all the Slavonic nations in particular.
Unlike Kant, Hegel stated that not the imperative of peace, but, on the contrary, the imminence of wars of all types and forms was the destiny of humankind for a long time. Anyway, he proved to be right over 200 years after him. Therefore, as prolonged to our times, information wars are an imminent consequence of the rivalry between states in their fight for achieving an "absolute spirit". Hegel based his vision of state development on the "spirit" concept that may have three forms: a subjective spirit, an objective spirit, and an absolute spirit. The first two forms of the spirit are studied through the absolute spirit. A state emergence is a consequence of the "popular spirit" as an objective spirit. And a state is a way of domination over the subjective (personal) and objective aspects (Hegel, 1978, рр. 75-77).Therefore, ideally this is the absolute spirit implementation. Only the subjective and objective communications leading to the formation of the absolute spirit communication are worth being studied and analyzed while the others should be dismissed by researchers, and so should be nations failing to form their state (Hegel, 1978, pp. 81-84).
Because of his radical ideas and predictions that came true, Hegel is considered a precursor of totalitarian regimes and world wars in the 20 th century as well as local of government. Napoleon I Bonaparte managed to practically create a system of state administration by using certain ideas and theoretical developments of the thinkers of the past in combination with his own vision of the functions of the tough centralization of the imperial state system. The state system relied on bureaucratically organized functionaries. Some elements of this structure were inherited from the old regime, from the period of the French Revolution, and rethought from theoretical models, but they were mainly the product of Napoleon's administrative creativity. Under Napoleon, the main administrative bodies were ministries created according to the principle of undivided authority and a tough executive vertical. By the end of Napoleon I rule, France had twelve ministries and one of the principal ministries was the ministry of trade and industrial policy (Tarle, 2010, pp. 79-81, 223-225;Tomsinov, 2011, pp. 119-122). After the Napoleonic wars and the Vienna Congress that determined the further destiny of Europe, there were publications pointing to the imminence of the industrial future of the countries of the Old Continent and America. These events ended the period considered in this publication.

Conclusions.
The key ideas of the thinkers and philosophers of the Enlightenment preceding the industrialization era and dedicated to the nature of administrative and communication processes generally repeated the theoretical statements from Aristotle to Locke. Indeed, the ideas proposed by Kant and Hegel, who philosophically rethought the heritage of the representatives of the Enlightenment such as Montesquieu and Rousseau, represented fundamental scientific worldview breakthroughs, leading to the deep rebuilding of many paradigms in the history, objectives, means, and development prospects of humankind. They had a considerable influence on the ideology and government practices of various countries and nations on the planet. The practice of the following centuries proved and enhanced the general meaning of the struggle of the two opposing concepts of the global development and fundamental approaches to the peace and war issues in global terms. For the contemporary world, the practical requirements of settling military and political, trade and economic conflicts and confrontations became an imperative of the humankind's future survival on Earth. The impact of the communication component on the development and interaction of administrative efforts made by some states and their associations has risen significantly over the last decades. This requires intensifying the events and concentrations of international contractual activities aimed at developing a new allencompassing world order, taking into account the reality of the achieved potentials of the information and communication, military and economic influence of the confronted geopolitical forces. For these purposes, it is recommended to look at the sources of the comprehension of these processes to efficiently rethink them in contemporary conditions.